Within and Without

Summary


"Within and Without" by James Russell Lowell sets a blazing Christmas hall against the frozen night outside. While firelight, ivy, and laughter fill the great hall, the aged Sir Launfal is driven from the castle porch by the seneschal's harsh command and left to sit in the gateway all night, watching the warm light flicker through stone window-slits. The poem's fierce contrasts — roaring Yule-log and shrilling wind, festive plenty and shelterless cold — give the scene a stark, almost painful edge.

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Within the hall are song and laughter,
The cheeks of Christmas glow red and jolly,
And sprouting is every corbel and rafter
With lightsome green of ivy and holly;
Through the deep gulf of the chimney wide
Wallows the Yule-log’s roaring hide;
The broad flame-pennons droop and flap
And belly and tug as a flag in the wind;
Like a locust shrills the imprisoned sap,
Hunted to death in its galleries blind;
And swift little troops of silent sparks,
Now pausing, now scattering away as in fear,
Go threading the soot-forest’s tangled darks
Like herds of startled deer.

But the wind without was eager and sharp,
Of Sir Launfal’s gray hair it makes a harp,
And rattles and wrings
The icy strings,
Singing, in dreary monotone,
A Christmas carol of its own,
Whose burden still, as he might guess,
Was — “Shelterless, shelterless, shelterless!”

Sir Launfal sits cold in a castle gateway at night, watching Christmas firelight glow through window-slits — Within and Without

The voice of the seneschal flared like a torch
As he shouted the wanderer away from the porch,
And he sat in the gateway and saw all night
The great hall-fire, so cheery and bold,
Through the window-slits of the castle old,
Build out its piers of ruddy light
Against the drift of the cold.

Credits

James Russell Lowell was a 19th-century American poet, critic, and diplomat, celebrated for his rich imagery and social conscience. "Within and Without" is an excerpt from his narrative poem *The Vision of Sir Launfal* (1848), in which a knight's Christmas pride is measured against the suffering of the poor at his gate.